प्राकृतिक आपदाओं

 पर्यावरण आज एक चर्चित और महत्वपूर्ण विषय है जिस पर पिछले दो-तीन दशकों से काफी बातें हो रहीं हैं और काफी चिंता भी काफी व्यक्त की जा रही है लेकिन पर्यावरणीय असंतुलन अथवा बिगाड़ को कम करने की कोशिशें उतनी प्रभावपूर्ण नहीं हैं, जितनी  आवश्यक हैं। पर्यावरण के असंतुलन के दो मुख्य कारण हैं। एक है बढ़ती जनसंख्या और दूसरा बढ़ती मानवीय आवश्यकताएं तथा उपभोक्तावृत्ति। इन दोनों का असर प्राकृतिक संसाधनों पर पड़ता है । पेड़ों के कटने, भूमि के खनन, जल के दुरुपयोग और वायु मंडल के प्रदूषण ने पर्यावरण को गंभीर खतरा पैदा किया है। इससे प्राकृतिक आपदाएं भी बढ़ी हैं। पेड़ों के कटने उसकी मिट्टी को बांधे रखने, वर्षा से मिट्टी को बचाने, हवा को शुद्ध करने और वर्षा जल को भूमि में रिसाने की शक्ति लगातार क्षीण हो रही है। इसी का परिणाम है कि भूस्खलन और भूमि का कटाव बढ़ रहा है जिससे मिट्टी अनियंत्रित होकर बह रही है। इससे पहाड़ों और ऊँचाई वाले इलाकों की उर्वरता समाप्त हो रही है ।  दुनिया के अनेक भागों में भूकम्प के झटकों ने जन-जीवन में भारी तबाही मचाई है। 1998 में उत्तराखंड में भूस्खलनों की भी व्यापक विनाश-लीला रही। यह सही है कि प्राकृतिक आपदाओं को हम पूरी तरह रोकने में समर्थ नहीं हैं किंतु उन्हें उत्तेजित करने एवं बढ़ाने में निश्चित ही हमारी भागीदारी रही है। क्षेत्रों में स्थाई विकास की योजनाओं को प्राथमिकता दी जानी चाहिए। उस क्षेत्र की धरती, पेड़, वनस्पति, जल, जानवरों को बचाना चाहिए। यह भी जरुरी है कि ऐसे नाजुक क्षेत्रों में आपदाओं के बारे में सूचनाओं का बिना रोक-टोक आदान-प्रदान किया जाना चाहिए। प्राकृतिक आपदाओं से संबंधित संवेदनशील क्षेत्रों को चिन्हित किया जाना चाहिए।

Read More

ONE WORD/ ONE SENTENCE- CIVICS

ONE WORD OR SENTENCE

Ques-In which year the environment( protection act) act was passed?

Ans- 1986

Ques-What does Article 15 of Indian constituents forbids?

Ans-The practice of untouchablity.

Ques-Who introduced  Hindu Child marriage act was introduced?

Ans-Rai sahib harbilas sarda.

Ques-Who wrote Annandmath/ writer of Annandmath?

Ans-Bankim Chandra.

Ques-Who launched civil disobedience movement was launched?

Ans-Mahatma Gandhi

Ques-What is known as Manchester of India?

Ans-Osaka

 Ques-What is known as golden fiber?

Ans-Cotton.

Ques-Viticulture is a cultivation of what?

Ans-Grapes

Ques-Name the project launched by government in 2002 to supply clean water to rural area….. most important question…

Ans-Swajaldhara project

Ques-Name the hillstations developed by the British?

Ans-Kashmir, Darjeeling

Ques-Name the term used for the ratio of number of economically non active people to number of economically active people?

Ans-Dependency ratio

Ques- What for factories act launched for?

Ans-To set the standard of safety.

Ques-Why labour is cheaper in developing countries?

Ans-Because of shortage of jobs.

Ques-The constitution grants the right to life in which article?

Ans-Article 21

Ques- A   special tax for funding a particular service?

Ans-Cess

Ques-Privatization of public facilities often leads to greater?

Ans-Efficiency

Ques-The most ancient inhabitants of our country?

Ans-Adivasis

Ques-The sachar committee recommended reservation for which community?

Ans-Muslim community

Ques-Which commission proposed the reservation of 27% seats and jobs for OBC?

Ans-Mandal commission

Ques-Name one dalit activist?

Ans-C K Janu

Ques-For whom the reservation policy of 15% of government jobs are for?

Ans-STs and  SCs

Ques-Tribals are allowed to use and sell forest products under which act?

Ans-Forest rights act.

Ques-Taking away the land of member of SCs/STs is punishable under which act?

Ans-Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes act

Ques-The practice of untouchablity is punishable under which act?

Ans-Civil rights act.

Ques-The influencial or generally accepted group is called?

Ans-Main stream

Ques-What is called- work without wages?

Ans-Slave labour

  Ques-Small group that are different fro majority in race, religion are called?

Ans-Minorities

Ques-The lowest caste who were considered untouchable under the caste system?

Ans-Dalit

Ques-Set out the maximum punishment that  can be given for each type of crime under which rule of law?

Ans-The Indian penal code

Ques-Who can one complain to if police refuses to register an FIR?

Ans-The superintendent of police/  human rights commission

Ques-Observer of a crime being committed is called?

Ans-Witness

Ques-Who files a charge sheet?

Ans-Police

Ques-Who issues a warrant?

Ans-Court

Ques-Who Presents the facts of a case in court is called?

Ans-Public prosecutor

Ques-Who represents the accused in court is called?

Ans-Defence lawyer

Ques-Give one example of cooperative industry?

Ans- Anand milk cooperative in Gujarat.

Read More

DEFINE TERMS- 8TH CBSE- HISTORY- SA2

Define terms- History

Infanticide-

The crime of killing a baby.

Rampant-

Something bad spreading in such a way which is difficult to control.

Eradication-

To completely remove something.

Emancipation-

Liberation of downtrodden people like untouchables.

Discrimination-

Unfair treatment of a person or a group in society.

Humiliation-

To make somebody lose the respect of others.

Capitol-

A building occupied by a state legislature.

Reclamation-

The conversion of wasteland into land suitable for habitation.

Habitation-

Occupation of a dwelling place.

Communication-

The exchange of thoughts, ideas, or information.

Architecture-

Designing and erecting buildings.

Flora and fauna-

Plants and animals of a region.

Naturalism-

Portraying objects as they really are.

Mythological-

Based on traditional stories especially of god and goddesses.

Upsurge-

A rapid rise.

Commemorate-

To honour the memory of someone.

Reform-

To improve a system by bringing changes in it.

Boycott-

To refuse to buy a product or take part in an activity as a way of expressing strong disapproval.

Tyranny-

Unfair or cruel use of power or authority.

Satyagraha-

Holding firmly to truth.

Adamant-

Determined not to be persuaded about something.

Interim government-

Temporary government.

Ultimation-

A final warning to a person or country about something.

Aftermath-

The condition that exists as a result of an important incident.

Stagnation-

Period of no growth in the economy.

Rehabilitation-

To help somebody to settle.

Refugee-

A person forced to leave his or her house due to war.

Annex-

To take control of a country or region.

Preamble-

An introduction to a book or a written document.

Integrity-

The respect to territorial unity of a nation.

Read More

DEFINE TERMS- CIVICS- 8th CLASS CBSE- SA-2

Define terms- civics

Offence-

An act of breaking the law.

Cognizable offence-

A serious offence for which one can be tried and punished with imprisonment.

First information report-

A written report of a crime registered by with the police.

Charge sheet

 A written document containing the accusation against  a person filed in a court by the police.

Warrant

Written permission of a court.

Bail-

A sum of money deposited as security to ensure that a person appears for a trail.

Public persecutor

Lawyer who represents the state

.

Defense lawyer-

Lawyer who defends the accused.

Minorities-

Small group  that are different from the majority community in a language, religion, race etc.

Ghettos-

It is pockets in urban areas that are inhabited mostly by the members of a minority community.

Adivasis- 

                 

Tribals, the most ancient inhabitants  of India.

Shifting agriculture-

A mode of cultivation in which a forest land is cleared, cultivated and then left to be regenerated by the natural process.

Dalits-

The lowest castes in the caste hierarchy, considered untouchables.

Slave labour-

Work without wages.

Vicious circle

An interconnected sequence of cause and effect.

Mainstream-

Influential or generally accepted group, views, fashion etc.

Sanitation-

Hygienic system of disposing of human excreta.

NGO-

Nongovernmental organizations or organization outside the government that are involved in social activities.

Tariff-

Fix rates or charges.

Cess-

A special tax.

Economic activities-

Activities related to the production, distribution and management of material things.

Consumer-

Users of goods and services

.

Labour courts-

Special courts dealing with disputes between individual workers and employers.

Convention-

Agreement or treaty also assembly or conference.

Consumer courts-

Special courts that deal with the complaints of consumers.

Read More

DEFINE TERMS- CLASS 8TH - GEOGRAPHY- SA-2

Define terms-

Life expectancy-

Number of people expected to live the time he or she is born.

Dependency ratio-

This is the ratio of the number of economically non active people to the number of active people in the country.

Sex ratio-

 It is defined as the number of females per thousand males.

Subsistence agriculture-

Raising crops and rearing animals for use by family.

Collective agriculture

Farmer pool in resources for various farming activities.

Plantation agriculture-

Growing a crop on a large estates with huge capital investments.

Market gardening-

An intensive cash crop cultivation of vegetables, flowers or fruits.

Organic farming-

It involves using techniques to achieve good crop yields without harming the natural environment.

Sericulture-

Rearing of silkworms to obtain  silk for their cocoons.

Pisciculture-

Breeding of fish, crabs, prawn etc.

Horticulture-

Cultivation of ornamental plants, flowers, nuts on small plots of lands.

Manufacturing-

The process of changing raw materials into products.

Primary industries-

Industries involved in extracting resources from sea or land.

Territory industries-

Industries dealing with the services and distribution of manufactured goods.

Secondary industries-

Industries manufacturing things by processing raw materials  are called secondary industries.

Quaternary industries-

Industries which are concerned with technological research and development.

Agrobased industries-

Industries utilizing agricultural and animal based products as raw materials.

Mineral based industries-

Industries depending on mineral ores for raw materials.

Forest based industries-

Industries which utilize forest products as raw materials.

Marine based industries-

Sea/oceans provide raw material to these industries.  

           

Private sector industries-

Industries owned by individuals or firms.

Public sector industries-

Industries owned and operated by the government and its agencies.

Joint sector industries-

Industries owned jointly by the state and the individuals.

Cooperative sector industries-

Industries owned and operated by the producers  or suppliers of raw materials,workers or both.

Confluence-

A place where two streams or rivers meet.

Integrated iron and steel works-

A site where iron ore is processed  and steel is manufactured as well.

Population density

It is measured as the number of people per square kilometer of land.

Birth rate-

It refers to the number of live births per 1000 in the population in a year.

Death rate-

It refers to the number of deaths per 1000 in the population in a year.

Immigration-

It is the movement of people into a country to stay permanently.

Emigration-

When people move out of a country to take up permanent residence elsewhere.

Read More